";s:4:"text";s:29742:"the cyber vulnerabilities that exist across conventional and nuclear weapons platforms pose meaningful risks to deterrence. The commission proposed Congress amend Section 1647 of the FY16 NDAA (which, as noted, was amended in the FY20 NDAA) to include a requirement for DOD to annually assess major weapons systems vulnerabilities. Therefore, DOD must also evaluate how a cyber intrusion or attack on one system could affect the entire missionin other words, DOD must assess vulnerabilities at a systemic level. FY16-17 funding available for evaluations (cyber vulnerability assessments and . to reduce the risk of major cyberattacks on them. To strengthen congressional oversight and drive continued progress and attention toward these issues, the requirement to conduct periodic vulnerability assessments should also include an after-action report that includes current and planned efforts to address cyber vulnerabilities of interdependent and networked weapons systems in broader mission areas, with an intent to gain mission assurance of these platforms. Often it is the responsibility of the corporate IT department to negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines. This is why the commission recommends that DOD develop and designate a force structure element to serve as a threat-hunting capability across the entire DOD Information Network (DODIN), thus covering the full range of nonnuclear to nuclear force employment. 31 Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and Through Cyberspace, in Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, ed. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. CISA cites misconfigurations and poor security controls as a common reason why hackers can get initial access to sensitive data or company systems due to critical infrastructure. Most control systems have some mechanism for engineers on the business LAN to access the control system LAN. 114-92, 20152016, available at . For example, China is the second-largest spender on research and development (R&D) after the United States, accounting for 21 percent of the worlds total R&D spending in 2015. (London: Macmillan, 1989); Robert Powell, Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Search for Credibility. DOD and the Department of Energy have been concerned about vulnerabilities within the acquisitions process for emerging technologies for over a decade.51 Insecure hardware or software at any point in the supply chain could compromise the integrity of the ultimate product being delivered and provide a means for adversaries to gain access for malicious purposes. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at <, Cong., Pub. and Is Possible, in Understanding Cyber Conflict: 14 Analogies, ed. Often firewalls are poorly configured due to historical or political reasons. Telematics should therefore be considered a high-risk domain for systemic vulnerabilities. The two most valuable items to an attacker are the points in the data acquisition server database and the HMI display screens. Information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons or their agents or international terrorist organizations. (Sood A.K. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. By Mark Montgomery and Erica Borghard
For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited,. large versionFigure 4: Control System as DMZ. Strengthening the cybersecurity of systems and networks that support DOD missions, including those in the private sector and our foreign allies and partners. The controller unit communicates to a CS data acquisition server using various communications protocols (structured formats for data packaging for transmission). However, one notable distinction is Arts focus on the military instrument of power (chiefly nuclear weapons) as a tool of deterrence, whereas Nyes concept of deterrence implies a broader set of capabilities that could be marshalled to prevent unwanted behavior. 114-92, 20152016, available at <, https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ92/PLAW-114publ92.pdf, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 202. Additionally, the scope and challenge in securing critical military networks and systems in cyberspace is immense. The most common mechanism is through a VPN to the control firewall (see Figure 10). Holding DOD personnel and third-party contractors more accountable for slip-ups. Individual weapons platforms do not in reality operate in isolation from one another. A person who is knowledgeable in process equipment, networks, operating systems and software applications can use these and other electronic means to gain access to the CS. Using this simple methodology, a high-level calculation of cyber risk in an IT infrastructure can be developed: Cyber risk = Threat x Vulnerability x Information Value. . 41 Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities, GAO-19-128 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2018), available at . Given that Congress has already set a foundation for assessing cyber vulnerabilities in weapons systems, there is an opportunity to legislatively build on this progress. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2018), available at ; Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). Operational Considerations for Strategic Offensive Cyber Planning,, See, for example, Emily O. Goldman and Michael Warner, Why a Digital Pearl Harbor Makes Sense . The DoD has further directed that cyber security technology must be integrated into systems because it is too expensive and impractical to secure a system after it has been designed The design of security for an embedded system is challenging because security requirements are rarely accurately identified at the start of the design process. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, Deterrence and Defense (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited, World Politics 31, no. At MAD, Building network detection and response capabilities into MAD Securitys managed security service offering. Because many application security tools require manual configuration, this process can be rife with errors and take considerable . large versionFigure 15: Changing the database. L. No. As illustrated in Figure 1, there are many ways to communicate with a CS network and components using a variety of computing and communications equipment. Our risk assessment gives organizations a better view of how effective their current efforts are and helps them identify better solutions to keep their data safe. It is an open-source tool that cybersecurity experts use to scan web vulnerabilities and manage them. By inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted commands. The business firewall is administered by the corporate IT staff and the control system firewall is administered by the control system staff. Simply put, ensuring your systems are compliant, and setting up control in place are often the best efforts a company can make to protect its systems from cyberattacks. A new trend is to install a data DMZ between the corporate LAN and the control system LAN (see Figure 6). 57 National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Supply Chain Risk Management: Reducing Threats to Key U.S. Supply Chains (Washington, DC: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 2020), available at . 47 Ibid., 25. Recently, peer links have been restricted behind firewalls to specific hosts and ports. Examples of removable media include: Contact us today to set up your cyber protection. Deterrence postures that rely on the credible, reliable, and effective threat to employ conventional or nuclear capabilities could be undermined through adversary cyber operations. . 2. Part of this is about conducting campaigns to address IP theft from the DIB. Credibility lies at the crux of successful deterrence. 41, no. 36 these vulnerabilities present across four categories, The business LAN is protected from the Internet by a firewall and the control system LAN is protected from the business LAN by a separate firewall. (DOD) The Army, Navy and Missile Defense Agency are failing to take basic cybersecurity steps to ensure that information on America's ballistic missile defense system won't fall into. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, see, for example, National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), Implementing Cybersecurity in DOD Supply Chains White Paper: Manufacturing Division Survey Results, (Arlington, VA: NDIA, July 2018), available at <, http://www.ndia.org/-/media/sites/ndia/divisions/manufacturing/documents/cybersecurity-in-dod-supply-chains.ashx?la=en, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and, Sustainment, Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, available at <, >; DOD, Press Briefing by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Ellen M. Lord, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Kevin Fahey, and Chief Information Security Officer for Acquisition Katie Arrington, January 31, 2020, available at <, https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2072073/press-briefing-by-under-secretary-of-defense-for-acquisition-sustainment-ellen/, Federal Acquisition Regulation: Prohibition on Contracting with Entities Using Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment,, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/07/14/2020-15293/federal-acquisition-regulation-prohibition-on-contracting-with-entities-using-certain. See, for example, Martin C. Libicki, (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013); Brendan Rittenhouse Green and Austin Long, Conceal or Reveal? The strategic consequences of the weakening of U.S. warfighting capabilities that support conventionaland, even more so, nucleardeterrence are acute. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: All of the above DoD personnel who suspect a coworker of possible espionage should: Report directly to your CI or Security Office Under DoDD 5240.06 Reportable Foreign Intelligence Contacts, Activities, Indicators and Behaviors; which of the following is not reportable? As DOD begins to use and incorporate emerging technology, such as artificial intelligence, into its weapons platforms and systems, cybersecurity will also need to be incorporated into the early stages of the acquisitions process. 33 Austin Long, A Cyber SIOP? , Version 2.0 (Washington, DC: Headquarters Department of the Navy, November 6, 2006), 3. This not only helps keep hackers out, it isolates the control system network from outages, worms, and other afflictions that occur on the business LAN. What is Cyber vulnerabilities? Kristen Renwick Monroe (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2002), 293312. 32 Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, Thermonuclear Cyberwar, Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. One study found that 73% of companies have at least 1 critical security misconfiguration that could potentially expose them to an attack. See the Cyberspace Solarium Commissions recent report, available at . Once inside, the intruder could steal data or alter the network. The recent additions of wireless connectivity such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LTE increase the risk of compromise. Tomas Minarik, Raik Jakschis, and Lauri Lindstrom (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/10/Art-02-The-Cyber-Deterrence-Problem.pdf, Michael P. Fischerkeller and Richard J. Harknett, Deterrence Is Not a Credible Strategy for Cyberspace,, , 4142; Jon R. Lindsay, Tipping the Scales: The Attribution Problem and the Feasibility of Deterrence Against Cyberattack,. John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. , see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at <, https://www.solarium.gov/public-communications/supply-chain-white-paper, These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. Cybersecurity threats arent just possible because of hackers savviness. 30 Dorothy E. Denning, Rethinking the Cyber Domain and Deterrence, Joint Force Quarterly 77 (2nd Quarter 2015). Research in vulnerability analysis aims to improve ways of discovering vulnerabilities and making them public to prevent attackers from exploiting them. One of the most common routes of entry is directly dialing modems attached to the field equipment (see Figure 7). Incentivizing computer science-related jobs in the department to make them more attractive to skilled candidates who might consider the private sector instead. 66 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, H.R. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. The increasingly computerized and networked nature of the U.S. military's weapons contributes to their vulnerability. Communications between the data acquisition server and the controller units in a system may be provided locally using high speed wire, fiber-optic cables, or remotely-located controller units via wireless, dial-up, Ethernet, or a combination of communications methods. 1 (2017), 3748. Kristen Renwick Monroe (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2002), 293312. warnings were so common that operators were desensitized to them.46 Existing testing programs are simply too limited to enable DOD to have a complete understanding of weapons system vulnerabilities, which is compounded by a shortage of skilled penetration testers.47. Some key works include Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better. Essentially, Design Interactive discovered their team lacked both the expertise and confidence to effectively enhance their cybersecurity. This has led to a critical gap in strategic thinkingnamely, the cross-domain implications of cyber vulnerabilities and adversary cyber operations in day-to-day competition for deterrence and warfighting above the level of armed conflict. . For instance, the typical feared scenario is the equivalent of a cyber Pearl Harbor or a cyber 9/11 eventa large-scale cyberattack against critical U.S. infrastructure that causes significant harm to life or property.34 This line of thinking, however, risks missing the ostensibly more significant threat posed by stealthy cyberspace activities that could undermine the stability of conventional or nuclear deterrence. George Perkovich and Ariel E. Levite (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2017), 147157; and Justin Sherman, How the U.S. Can Prevent the Next Cyber 9/11,, https://www.wired.com/story/how-the-us-can-prevent-the-next-cyber-911/. Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Attn: Ms. Kimberly Ziegler, OUSD(A&S)DPC(DARS), 3060 . There are 360 million probes targeted at Defense Department networks each day, compared to the 1 million probes an average major U.S. bank gets per month." This number dwarfs even the newer . U.S. strategy has simultaneously focused on the longstanding challenge of deterring significant cyberattacks that would cause loss of life, sustained disruption of essential functions and services, or critical economic impactsthose activities that may cross the threshold constituting a use of force or armed attack. Specifically, in Section 1647 of the FY16 NDAA, which was subsequently updated in Section 1633 of the FY20 NDAA, Congress directed DOD to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of each major weapons system.60 Although this process has commenced, gaps remain that must be remediated. Common practice in most industries has a firewall separating the business LAN from the control system LAN. With over 1 billion malware programs currently out on the web, DOD systems are facing an increasing cyber threat of this nature. Chinese Malicious Cyber Activity. False a. That means a thorough strategy is needed to preserve U.S. cyberspace superiority and stop cyberattacks before they hit our networks. Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . Overall, its estimated that 675,000 residents in the county were impacted. 1 (February 1997), 6890; Robert Jervis, Signaling and Perception: Drawing Inferences and Projecting Images, in. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. 59 These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. Every business has its own minor variations dictated by their environment. 1 Build a more lethal. 2 (2016), 6673; Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 4471; Martin C. Libicki, Cyberspace in Peace and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016); Aaron F. Brantly, The Cyber Deterrence Problem, in 2018 10th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, ed. 35 it is likely that these risks will only grow as the united states continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a vulnerability as a "weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source." Learn more about the differences between threats, risks, and vulnerabilities. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1987); (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015); Schelling. A vulnerability in the web services interface of Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct directory traversal attacks and read sensitive files on a targeted system. We also describe the important progress made in the fiscal year (FY) 2021 NDAA, which builds on the commissions recommendations. and Is Possible, in, Understanding Cyber Conflict: 14 Analogies, , ed. Building dependable partnerships with private-sector entities who are vital to helping support military operations. Dorothy E. Denning, Rethinking the Cyber Domain and Deterrence,, Jacquelyn G. Schneider, Deterrence in and Through Cyberspace, in. Most of the attacker's off-the-shelf hacking tools can be directly applied to the problem. ; Erica D. Borghard and Shawn W. Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace,. Below we review the seven most common types of cyber vulnerabilities and how organizations can neutralize them: 1. MAD Security recently collaborated with Design Interactive, a cutting-edge research and software development company trying to enhance cybersecurity to prevent cyber attacks. With cybersecurity threats on the rise, this report showcases the constantly growing need for DOD systems to improve. Many breaches can be attributed to human error. Most control system networks are no longer directly accessible remotely from the Internet. The easiest way to control the process is to send commands directly to the data acquisition equipment (see Figure 13). A surgical attacker needs a list of the point reference numbers in use and the information required to assign meaning to each of those numbers. Cyber threats to a control system refer to persons who attempt unauthorized access to a control system device and/or network using a data communications pathway. 6. 1 Summary: Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense [DOD], 2018), available at ; Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority: Command Vision for U.S. Cyber Command (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyber Command, 2018), available at ; An Interview with Paul M. Nakasone, Joint Force Quarterly 92 (1st Quarter 2019), 67. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. . Mark Montgomery is Executive Director of the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission and SeniorDirector of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation. For example, there is no permanent process to periodically assess the cybersecurity of fielded systems. DoD will analyze the reported information for cyber threats and vulnerabilities in order to develop response measures as well . Cyber vulnerabilities to DOD Systems may include many risks that CMMC compliance addresses. They make threat outcomes possible and potentially even more dangerous. Rules added to the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) looking for those files are effective in spotting attackers. Most control systems come with a vendor support agreement. . For a notable exception, see Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, eds., Cross-Domain Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the Peoples Republic of China 2020, The spread of advanced air defenses, antisatellite, and cyberwarfare capabilities has given weaker actors the ability to threaten the United States and its allies. 35 Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. malware implantation) to permit remote access. In recent years, while DOD has undertaken efforts to assess the cyber vulnerabilities of individual weapons platforms, critical gaps in the infrastructure remain. The target must believe that the deterring state has both the capabilities to inflict the threatening costs and the resolve to carry out a threat.14 A deterring state must therefore develop mechanisms for signaling credibility to the target.15 Much of the Cold War deterrence literature focused on the question of how to convey resolve, primarily because the threat to use nuclear weaponsparticularly in support of extended deterrence guarantees to allieslacks inherent credibility given the extraordinarily high consequences of nuclear weapons employment in comparison to any political objective.16 This raises questions about decisionmakers willingness to follow through on a nuclear threat. Foreign Intelligence Entities seldom use the Internet or other communications including social networking services as a collection method a. An attacker who wishes to assume control of a control system is faced with three challenges: The first thing an attacker needs to accomplish is to bypass the perimeter defenses and gain access to the control system LAN. large versionFigure 1: Communications access to control systems. Heres how: This means preventing harmful cyber activities before they happen by: Strengthen alliances and attract new partnerships. 61 HASC, William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. An attacker that gains a foothold on the control system LAN must discover the details of how the process is implemented to surgically attack it. Within the Intelligence Community, the National Counterintelligence and Security Center within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence also plays a role in supply chain security through its counterintelligence mission, which includes the defense industrial base. Networks can be used as a pathway from one accessed weapon to attack other systems. Heartbleed came from community-sourced code. L. No. Often administrators go to great lengths to configure firewall rules, but spend no time securing the database environment. These applications can result in real-time operational control adjustments, reports, alarms and events, calculated data source for the master database server archival, or support of real-time analysis work being performed from the engineering workstation or other interface computers. Dr. Erica Borghard is a Resident Senior Fellow in the New American Engagement Initiative, ScowcroftCenter for Strategy and Security, at the Atlantic Council. Most Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) identify themselves and the vendor who made them. Hall, eds., The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), for a more extensive list of success criteria. As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. Many IT professionals say they noticed an increase in this type of attacks frequency. An attacker that just wants to shut down a process needs very little discovery. What we know from past experience is that information about U.S. weapons is sought after. Additionally, an attacker will dial every extension in the company looking for modems hung off the corporate phone system. This access can be directed from within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet. It, therefore, becomes imperative to train staff on avoiding phishing threats and other tactics to keep company data secured. 11 Robert J. 2 (February 2016). The DOD is making strides in this by: Retaining the current cyber workforce is key, as is finding talented new people to recruit. Its worth noting, however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should be aware of. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. The attacker dials every phone number in a city looking for modems. The most common means of vendor support used to be through a dial-up modem and PCAnywhere (see Figure 8). Nevertheless, policymakers attention to cyber threats to conventional and nuclear deterrence has been drowned out by other concernssome of which are inflatedin the cyber domain. KSAT ID. Your small business may. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. This could take place in positive or negative formsin other words, perpetrating information as a means to induce operations to erroneously make a decision to employ a capability or to refrain from carrying out a lawful order. Figure 1. But given the interdependent and networked nature of multiple independent weapons systems, merely assessing individual platforms misses crucial potential vulnerabilities that may arise when platforms interact with one another. Troops have to increasingly worry about cyberattacks while still achieving their missions, so the DOD needs to make processes more flexible. Note that in the case above, Cyber vulnerabilities to dod systems may include All of the above Options. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see The DOD Cyber Strategy (Washington, DC: DOD, April 2015), available at . In addition to congressional action through the NDAA, DOD could take a number of steps to reinforce legislative efforts to improve the cybersecurity of key weapons systems and functions. NON-DOD SYSTEMS RAISE CONCERNS. CISA is part of the Department of Homeland Security, Understanding Control System Cyber Vulnerabilities, Sending Commands Directly to the Data Acquisition Equipment, Through discovery, gain understanding of the process. An attacker could also chain several exploits together . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Richard K. Betts. Unfortunately, in many cases when contractors try to enhance their security, they face a lot of obstacles that prevent them from effectively keeping their data and infrastructure protected. 3 (January 2020), 4883. The department will do this by: Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Four Pillars U.S. National Cyber Strategy, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. , ed. Inevitably, there is an inherent tension between Congresss efforts to act in an oversight capacity and create additional requirements for DOD, and the latters desire for greater autonomy. 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