a:5:{s:8:"template";s:5647:" {{ keyword }}
{{ text }}
{{ links }}
";s:4:"text";s:27783:"In line with the naming convention followed by other RAF heavy bombers of the era, it was named after a British city or town, in this case Warwick. The views from the summit were extensive, from the Lammermuir and Pentland hills to the north, the North Sea to the east and as far as the Lake District to the south-west. by Eddie & filed under Military/Aircraft, Mountains & hills, The museum is at Sleap airfield near Wem and is open on the 2nd & 4th Sunday of each month from April to October. A crew member was rescued by the crew of a boat while both other occupants were killed. A small mountain rescue hut is also located at this point of the route and was a handy escape from the cold wind on my walk yesterday. You can see photos from the walk on my website here. The crew was performing a training mission. Yesterday I walked to the 815m summit of the The Cheviot. [7] As a consequence of the relaxation of the restrictions imposed by the 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference, the weight of the Vickers 284 and 285 expanded gradually, until the 285 approached the original specified weight for Specification B.1/35. These Shared Descriptions are common to multiple images. This was a thoroughly un-ambitious specification, calling for an aircraft powered by two 1,000hp engines and capable of carrying 2,000lb of bombs over 1,500 miles at a speed of 195mph - by the time it entered service the Wellington medium bomber . The load was distributed amongst the structure, providing great redundancy in the event of damage, at the expense of complexity of construction. On 7 October 1935, Vickers received an order for a prototype, the Air Ministry also ordering prototypes of the designs tendered by Armstrong Whitworth (known as the AW.39, a development of the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley) and Handley Page (known as HP.55). [2] During late 1934, by which point the company was already in the midst of developing their Type 271 design, to meet the needs of Specification B.9/32, Vickers received a draft requirement for a larger bomber. - Edited 1st January 1970 at 01:00. Among the requirements of Specification B.1/35 was a speed of no less than 195 mph while flying at 15,000 feet, a range of 1,500 miles while carrying 2,000lb of bombs, along with a limitation on the wingspan to less than 100 feet, while the engines were also to be furnished with variable-pitch propellers.[2]. | The Aviation Safety Network is an exclusive service provided by: Vickers Warwick ASR.Mk.I HF944, 5 FP (Ferry Pool), RAF: Written off (damaged beyond repair) 8 July 1946 when crashed at Ballydoyle Farm, near RAF Silloth, Cumberland. A crew member was rescued by the crew of a boat while both other occupants were killed. I didnt know anything about this crash site before the walk, but I believe this is a Vickers Warwick that crashed in 1946. [19][21], On 3 January 1941, an initial production order was placed for 250 Warwicks, consisting of 150 Double Wasp-powered Mk I aircraft and 100 Centaurus-powered Mk IIs; deliveries were scheduled to commence in November that year. Walking back down from the summit, I saw something a little way from the path that looked out of place and on closer inspection it turned out to be a large piece of aircraft wreckage. You can see photos from the walk on my website here. The crew was Flight Lieutenant Roy Howard Mitchell DFC, and Flying Officer Alan Bywood, and their bodies were removed for burial by their families. [34][35] From 1943, Warwicks were loaded with the 1,700lb (770kg) Mk IA airborne lifeboat and used for air-sea rescue. - Edited 2nd October 2019 at 11:40, Can anyone Id any of the parts in these photos for me.thanks in advance, By: Blue_2 W/O Henry George Richardson, air gunner. This offered a lightweight structure of great strength, it was adopted later for the Wellington and Warwick aircraft Dimensions Wingspan 22.73m Length 11.96m Height 3.76m The Long Range Development Unit The Squadron operated on routes throughout Europe and was mainly manned by Canadian personnel. I'll try to dig out more photos By: roy9 [14], On 13 August 1939, the first prototype (serial K8178), powered by the Vulture engines, made its maiden flight from Brooklands. The other object with a gear on it directly below the missing cylinder on the engine in warwick3 looks like a large electric motor; with a gear that size on it, it has to be the engine starter motor, surely? The Warwick was the largest British twin-engined aircraft to see use during the Second World War. A Vickers Warwick HG136 crashed in 1946 on boggy moorland of the Cheviot massif between Auchope Cairn and Cairn Hill. Crash of a Vickers 474 Warwick V in RAF Leuchars: 5 killed. A Vickers Warwick HG136 crashed in 1946 on boggy moorland of the Cheviot massif between Auchope Cairn and Cairn Hill. Crash of a Vickers 456 Warwick I in Sleights Moor: 6 killed. [24] BOAC's Warwicks were used briefly on its Middle East services before being transferred back to RAF Transport Command in 1944. [11], In February 1939, it was decided not to proceed with development beyond the pair of prototypes because of difficulties with the Vulture engine but this was reversed the following January. | The Vickers Warwick became a further evolution of the Type 271 design which was intended to fulfill the earlier Specification B.9/32. The Warwick entered quantity production during 1942 and squadron service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). Cranstackie and the wreck of a Second World War Mosquito, Cycle routes in the Borders and Perthshire, Expedition from Blair Atholl to Aviemore via Glen Tilt and the Cairngorms, The Rothiemurchus Forest and Creag aChalamain, Walks in Snowdonia and the Yorkshire Dales, Two aircraft wreck sites in the remote moorland of East Ayrshire, The John Muir Trust and a volunteer work party on Schiehallion, Avalanche and navigation awareness course, Using GIS techniques to analyse and model the topographical environment and dependencies of long-lasting snowpatch locations in the Scottish mountains, Wreck of a wartime Bristol Beaufort bomber in the Angus glens, Wreck of a postwar Viking passenger aircraft near Largs, Braeriach and the largest air wreck site in Scotland, Two air wreck sites on Corserine in the Galloway Hills, Cycle routes in the Cairngorms and the Borders, My 200th Munro summit but whos counting, The Abernethy Forest and Meall aBhuiridh; winter hike to Ben Macdui, The Allt a Mharcaidh catchment, Sgr Gaoith and the highest tree in the British Isles (possibly), The Scottish mountains: on the glacial knife-edge, Wreck of a WWII Mosquito bomber in the Cheviot Hills, Beinn Eighe; Coire Mhic Fhearchair and the wreck of a Lancaster, Morvern and the wreck of a USAF jet fighter. The Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A) was established in Geneva in 1990 for the purpose to deal with all information related to aviation accidentology. | This information is added by users of ASN. [12][18] In October 1939, it was proposed that the type could be redesigned as a four-engined aircraft, powered by either Rolls-Royce Merlin XX or Bristol Hercules HE7SM engines; after some study, the use of four engines was discarded after it was found to seriously reduce range and payload. Nothing was known about this site other than a suggestion that it was the crash site of an experimental aircraft. Mitchell had been awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for sinking a German U-Boat in 1944. I received a personal communication about this wreck from Bob Pitts. [29][30] One hundred similar aircraft were built for the RAF as Warwick C Mk IIIs, and entered service with 525 Squadron in June 1944, with three more squadrons operating the Warwick III. Loss of control caused by lightning and turbulence. If you feel this information is incomplete or incorrect, you can. It was largely untouched when I first saw it in the 1970s, and the engines were much more buried. By the time adequate engines were available, rapid advances in the field of aviation had undermined the potency of the design in the face of Luftwaffe fighters.[3]. Required fields are marked *, You may use these HTML tags and attributes:
, WordPress 3.9.1 | WP-Bootstrap 3.0 theme | website design by Eddie Boyle, May 2014, A GIS visualisation of the COVID-19 pandemic. All six crew members were killed. The plane was part of 280 Squadron based at RAF Thornaby Link and was on its final flight to Brackla near Nairn NH8652 : Disused Airfield RAF Brackla for scrapping. The Vickers Warwick was a multi-purpose twin-engined British aircraft developed and operated during the Second World War. [23] The prototype was refitted with production standard engines and propellers; this revealed problems with engine ignition, which were resolved with a revised booster coil. - 5th September 2012 at 15:26 Permalink Were there glaciers in the mountains of Scotland as recently as the mid-19th century? The Aviation Safety Network is an exclusive service provided by: Crashed on test flight January 6, 1945: Aircraft experienced severe rudder overbalance and spun into ground making its approach to Brooklands, Surrey. GB445558329. While a second Warwick was able to continue its route, BV336 was maybe struck by lightning or suffered turbulence, went out of control and dove into the ground before crashing in a field. [13] While Vickers chose to continue with the project, official doubts, over slow progress caused by work on the Wellington and the lack of suitable engines, led to a growing official expectation that the design would be surpassed by later aircraft. The route also goes past Hen Hole which is a precipitous gorge with sides that are rocky crags quite unlike the rest of the hills in this area which are gentle grassy mounds. The border at this point is also the route of the Pennine Way and is unmarked except for a simple fence. While a second Warwick was able to continue its route, BV336 was maybe struck by lightning or suffered turbulence, went out of control and dove into the ground before crashing in a field. Those Warwicks that were delivered in the bomber configuration saw little use as such, instead being used to investigate various kinds of equipment and technical matters, including navigational equipment, engine performance, role suitability, and air-dropped lifeboats. The crew left RAF Thornaby at 1640LT to perform an ASR mission off the Dutch coast. [23] Just as the earlier Wellington was displaced from bombing missions to other roles, the new Warwick was directed to other activities, including air-sea rescue, troop and cargo transport, long range anti-submarine patrols, general reconnaissance and operational crew training.[23]. Crew (16 Ferry Unit, RAF): [21], The large initial production contract gave the programme a relative sense of security but there was still the need to resolve troubles with the Centaurus engine. The Warwick was subject to a high level of investigation with the aim of keeping the type relevant to the rapidly changing circumstances of the conflict; it was out of this process that a relatively orderly progression towards standardised production was soon made. [26] The second production Warwick promptly took its place in flying trials; on 18 February 1943, it too was destroyed, by a fire which began in the starboard engine. The Warwick was also adopted by the Polish Air Forces in exile in Great Britain and the South African Air Force. No. The Vickers Warwick C Mk I (Type 456) variant was ordered for use as an 'interim transport aircraft' for the wartime use of national carrier BOAC and some fourteen examples were built. Wreckage is spread over a wide area. 14 was completely demolished with the bulk of the aircraft . To explore this option, the second prototype was converted to use the R-2800-S14A4-G engines and first flew in this form in July 1941. The Warwick was designed in parallel with the smaller Wellington, both aircraft having been derived from the Vickers Type 271 design, developed for Specification B.9/32. The summit plateau of The Cheviot used to have a reputation as a difficult area to walk in as it is a large undulating boggy expanse, but in recent years wooden duckboards and large rock flagstones have been laid down on the path. Vickers Warwick Mk.V PN749 6 OTU, RAF: Written off (destroyed) 16 May 1946 in a flying accident on approach to RAF Leuchards, Fife. . "Vickers Warwick: The Good-Samaritan Bomber" Part One. The above selections are automatic and approximate, it might not always select closely matching descriptions, Sitemap All six crew members were killed. Key Publishing Ltd is a company registered in England and Wales with Company Number 2713662. While completing an umpteenth approach, the aircraft banked left, dove into the ground and crashed in a huge explosion on a road leading to the airport. Crew (16th Flying Unit): W/O Francis George Ford, . [5] By the end of July 1935, the Air Ministry was able to consider eight designs; the design proposed by Vickers, the 284, powered by a pair of Bristol Hercules engines, had generously exceeded the specification. [9][7] L9704 was instead fitted with the Bristol Centaurus radial engine. [10][19][20] The Double Wasp installation was considered to be inferior to the Centaurus engine but the aircraft was eventually ordered with the Pratt & Whitney engine. The new aircraft was arranged around Specification B.1/35 of 1935 to serve as a heavy bomber despite its reliance on a twin-engine configuration (heavies of the period generally carried four or more engines). [7], During 1936, Specification B.1/34 was modified to require the aircraft to have a greater fuel and bombload capacity. Petty Officer Raymond Walker, HMS Fulmar, Lossiemouth, survived the crash (the other pilot didn't), and later said "We were flying at 1,000ft, doing crossover turns above Glenlatterach reservoir. http://www.wtdwhd.co.uk/Cairn%20Hill.html, http://www.college-valley.co.uk/history.htm, https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/13767, http://newmp.org.uk/detail.php?contentId=11700, http://www.planetrace.co.uk/1940-1949_28.html, https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2654918/wyett,-kenneth-frederick/, https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2428645/cody,-herbert-arthur/, https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2809794/chadd,-denis-thomas/, http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/RAFBrackla, 280 Squadron Royal Air Force (280 Sqn RAF), near Cairn Hill, The Cheviot, near Wooler, Northumberland -, Updated [Date, Time, Operator, Location, Departure airport, Source, Embed code, Narrative], Updated [Destination airport, Source, Narrative], Updated [Aircraft type, Location, Narrative]. Barfield, Norman. During 1942, an order for 14 Warwick transports, Warwick C.Mk.I and Vickers 456, was made for the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), a civil operator. What mashups are exactly, and why I hate the term web 2.0, Making websites accessible is very inaccessible, The 80:20 and POGE software engineering rules. - 5th September 2012 at 20:23 Permalink What is the largest mountain in the world? The two aircraft share similar construction and design principles but unlike . Winter mountain walk in Balquhidder and no Munros! London; the Groucho Club and Iron Maiden at Twickenham, Remains of a crashed Luftwaffe bomber near Edinburgh, Two important books about the power of the Internet, More nonsense terminology on the Internet podcasts, Glaciers discovered (possibly) in unexpected places the Cairngorms and Mars, An ideal winter mountain hike in Lochaber, Spend some money if you want a serious website, Wreck site and grave in the Lammermuir Hills, h2g2 and how to use a controlled vocabulary to classify the universe, England, thy beauties are tame and domestic, Two aircraft wreckage sites on Beinn aBhuird, Ciste Mhearaidh and even more about climate change and walking in the mountains (zzzzz), Yet more about climate change and the media (yawn), Controlled vocabularies and why you should be interested in them, Canadian Rockies #2; Yoho & Kootenay National Parks, Golden, Canmore & Calgary, Canadian Rockies #1; Jasper National Park, Auster and Hopper; estranged brothers in an empty room, Free software, the open-source planet and Plone, Dont give Pickaweb Internet Services your money, Google Earth and other geobrowsing tools in the environmental sciences workshop, The Australian Pink Floyd and The Whangie. Mk.VI HG136 took off from RAF Thornaby, North Yorkshire, en route for RAF Brackla near Inverness where the aircraft was to be broken up for scrap, it was the nineteenth Warwick to be taken to Brackla by 280 Squadron that month. - Edited 1st January 1970 at 01:00. [16] Performance projections showed similar performance to the Hercules III-powered Wellington bomber but with a significantly greater payload; the engines were also available due to the cancellation of contracts previously placed by the French government. The maiden flight occurred on 13 August 1939 but delays to its intended powerplant, the Napier Sabre engine, led to alternatives being explored in the form of the Bristol Centaurus and Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engines. By: roy9 The crew left RAF Thornaby at 1640LT to perform an ASR mission off the Dutch coast. Member for 22 years 7 months Posts: 2,830 Send private message Loss of control caused by lightning and turbulence. . "Vickers Warwick: The Good-Samaritan Bomber" Part Two. Is global warming really caused by human activity? The 'Shared Description' text on this page is copyright 2015 Andrew Curtis. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and a post crash fire and all five crew members were killed. Around the same time, it was decided to allocate the Vickers 284 type number to the project, while the redesigned B.9/32 (which would become the Wellington) became the Vickers 285. This information is added by users of ASN. [21] The Double Wasp engine, with a three-bladed 15-ft diameter Hamilton Standard propeller, became the usual engine. By: Creaking Door - 5th September 2012 at 21:36 Permalink All six crew members were killed. [25], Only 16 aircraft were delivered as bombers, as by this time more capable four-engined heavy bombers such as the Short Stirling and Handley Page Halifax were in service. The walk was about 17km in total. Im pretty sure the two geared spinning-tops near the engine in warwick3 are the two-speed supercharger gears / clutches; not sure if that is correct for these engines By: Creaking Door The fact that this walk was on Remembrance Sunday was apt too. The first heavy bomber was designed as an airliner. The aircraft was destroyed by impact forces and a post crash fire and all five crew members were killed. - 6th September 2012 at 08:29 Permalink Flight Phase: Landing (descent or approach) Flight Type: Training. [39], Data from Vickers Aircraft since 1908,[44] Vickers-Armstrong Warwick variants[38], Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era, Polish Air Forces in exile in Great Britain, Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, Airborne Lifeboats:Fully Provisioned Power Lifeboat Dropped to Ditched Air Crews, Manual: (1945) A.P. Get Involved, A Vickers Warwick HG136 crashed in 1946 on boggy moorland of the Cheviot massif between Auchope Cairn and Cairn Hill. [16], Fitted with the Centaurus engine, the second prototype performed its first flight on 5 April 1940. Vickers 456 Warwick I. (Distance covered = 4.5 mile/Ascent = 25m) The North Of Scotland Championships in Inverness meant I would have more than enough time to visit a crashsite I had known about since the 1980's, I knew it was in Culbin Forest but had only recently acquired a grid ref. Wreckage is spread over a wide area. Has climate change already affected hillwalking in Scotland and further afield? Crash Site Vickers Wellington Mk IV Z1215 Noordzee - Friesland. Crash Site Wellington Mk.IV Z1213, code BH-H Venhorst - North Brabant. [27] It soon became clear that the Warwick, with its spacious fuselage and long range, would be well suited to utility roles. 525 RAF Squadron Vickers Warwick C Mark I, BV247 was one of fourteen Warwick transports converted for use by British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and reverted to the Royal Air Force in September 1943. The plane was part of 280 Squadron based at RAF Thornaby, Created: Fri, 7 Aug 2015, Updated: Sun, 24 May 2020, NT8825 : The Cheviot Memorial, College Valley. During January 1937, the Rolls-Royce Vulture liquid-cooled X engine was named as the alternative powerplant of the Vickers 284 and it was adopted in late 1938. Posted Tim, aged 11 at the time, recalls: "During the Second World War, my father's work at the Ministry of War Pensions in London was evacuated to Blackpool. At 10.34 on the morning of 23 July 1946, Vickers Warwick ASR. The two aircraft share similar construction and design principles but unlike the smaller Wellington bomber, development of the Warwick was delayed by a lack of suitable high-powered engines. This makes the walk much easier than it would be otherwise, but does make it feel as if you are cheating a bit! - Edited 1st January 1970 at 01:00, By: Wyvernfan You can see photos of the site on my website here. [7] The Vulture, which had been intended for the rival Avro Manchester bomber, was subsequently determined to be unlikely to be available in sufficient numbers for the Warwick, as well as being unreliable and on 2 July 1937, an order for a second prototype was placed the Air Ministry as insurance against the failure of the Vulture. Crash of a Vickers 474 Warwick V in RAF Leuchars: 5 killed. I remember large sheets of armour lying around, turret rings, stainless exhausts, chromed undercarriage legs, bits of geodetic, loads of exploded .303, and even scraps of serge RAF uniform. At 10.34 on the morning of 23 July 1946, Vickers Warwick ASR. The summit is just inside England (its the highest summit in England outside Cumbria), but I started the walk from Sourhope, to the west over the border in Scotland. According to an eyewitness rpeort (see link #4): http://www.rafcommands.com/forum/showthread.php?7063-Shorty-Longbott, http://thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/memorial/entry.php?id=147, http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2017/04/03/new-evidence-comes-light-wartime-aircraft-crash/, https://i0.wp.com/www.guildford-dragon.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/07-Coroners-Inquest-Surrey-Advertiser-Jan-20-1945.jpg, Haines Bridge, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey -, Updated [Time, Operator, Total fatalities, Other fatalities, Location, Departure airport, Destination airport, Source, Narrative]. The Vickers Warwick C Mk I (Type 456) variant was ordered for use as an 'interim transport aircraft' for the wartime use of national carrier BOAC and some fourteen examples were built. The summit is just inside England (it's the highest summit in England outside Cumbria), but I started the walk from Sourhope, to the west over the border in Scotland. The Warwick was designed and manufactured by Vickers-Armstrongs during the late 1930s. Vickers Warwick Mk.I - Culbin Forest - Scottish Aviation & STEM Trail Crash Site Vickers Warwick Mk.I - Culbin Forest Culbin Forest Type : Vickers Warwick Mk.I Map of Location Do you have anything to add? The smaller Wellington bomber had made its maiden flight three years earlier and quantity production of the type had started 18 months prior. [23], Due to persistent engine shortages and changes in policy, only 16 of the planned 150 Warwick bombers were completed. [24] During mid-1943, a Warwick Mk I was converted to become the Warwick Mk II prototype; the principal difference was the fitting of Centaurus IV engines. If you use the search button you might find another thread that i'm sure had information about the same site. The walk was about 17km in total. The order was quickly met by converting existing B.Mk.I Warwicks, by removing the military equipment, fairing over gun turrets, along with the installation of cabin windows, a freight floor, long-range fuel tanks and exhaust stack flame dampers (for night flights).[24]. The crew was performing a radio navigation exercise out from RAF Thornaby. http://maps.google.co.uk/?ie=UTF8&ll=55.469376,-2.161539&spn=0.001995,0.004098&t=h&z=18&om=1. And warwick4 looks like undercarriage too. [6] On 14 March 1936, in light of major design changes being submitted, the production of a complete mock-up was authorised. [16] When fully equipped, the calculated all-up service weight of the first prototype was 42,182lb, almost double that of the weight originally given by Vickers in its initial tender for the design. En-route, both engines failed and the aircraft crashed into the Bristol Channel, off Ogmore-by-sea. For example, you can create a generic description for an object shown in a photo, and reuse the description on all photos of the object. [15][16] This initial flight, by test pilot Joseph "Mutt" Summers, only lasted for a few minutes due to a defect in the carburettor linkage. - Edited 1st January 1970 at 01:00, "The crash site was the subject of an inquiry as to recovery" this may be why the site is more disturbed than i remember it as a lad in the 70s. Robert Crumb), Two Munro summits and two air wreck sites in the Mounth, Beinn Stacath and the wreck of a wartime Whitley. Circumstances: Enroute, both engines failed and the aircraft crashed into the Bristol Channel, off Swansea. [19][21] It was at this point that the proposed aircraft received its name; in accordance with the Air Ministry's practice of naming bombers after British towns and cities and with Vickers using 'W' as the initial letter (to indicate the designs of Barnes Wallis), Warwick was selected at the type's official name. The transport variant boasted increased fuel capacity, whilst all turrets were removed and cabin side windows were added. The first production Warwick B Mk I was delivered to the RAF for testing at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment, Boscombe Down on 3 July 1942. While completing an umpteenth approach, the aircraft banked left, dove into the ground and crashed in a huge explosion on a road leading to the airport. Mk.VI HG136 took off from RAF Thornaby, North Yorkshire, en route for RAF Brackla near Inverness where the aircraft was to be broken up for scrap, it was the nineteenth Warwick to be taken to Brackla by 280 Squadron that month. | Stability and control trials commenced with the third production Warwick, which yielded acceptable handling during single engine operations when fitted with a new bulged rudder. What little remained of the plane was found again when the surrounding forest was felled in the 1980s, but dense new planting now surrounds the crash site once more. [24], Early testing showed the Warwick to be under-powered and with severe handling problems, especially when flown on one engine. Crash of a Vickers 474 Warwick V in RAF Leuchars: 5 killed Date & Time: May 16, 1946 Type of aircraft: Vickers 474 Warwick V Operator: Registration: PN749 Flight Phase: Landing (descent or approach) Flight Type: Training Survivors: No Site: Airport (less than 10 km from airport) Schedule: Leuchars - Leuchars Location: Leuchars AFB Fife Country: [2] The draft specification developed into Air Ministry Specification B.1/35, which sought a twin-engined heavy (by the standards of the day) strategic bomber. ";s:7:"keyword";s:26:"vickers warwick crash site";s:5:"links";s:789:"Of Sheep Crossword Clue 5 Letters, Roach River Maine Fishing Map, The Air Up There I Will Consider It For Eternity, Alex Rodriguez Brother Joe, Challenges Faced When Using Fuels At Home, Articles V
";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}